现在主流的Web MVC框架除了Struts这个主力 外,其次就是Spring MVC了,因此这也是作为一名程序员需要掌握的主流框架,框架选择多了,应对多变的需求和业务时,可实行的方案自然就多了。不过要想灵活运用Spring MVC来应对大多数的Web开发,就必须要掌握它的配置及原理。
一、Spring MVC环境搭建:(Spring 2.5.6 + Hibernate 3.2.0)
1. jar包引入
Spring 2.5.6:spring.jar、spring-webmvc.jar、commons-logging.jar、cglib-nodep-2.1_3.jar
Hibernate 3.6.8:hibernate3.jar、hibernate-jpa-2.0-api-1.0.1.Final.jar、antlr- 2.7.6.jar、commons-collections-3.1、dom4j-1.6.1.jar、javassist- 3.12.0.GA.jar、jta-1.1.jar、slf4j-api-1.6.1.jar、slf4j-nop-1.6.4.jar、相应数据库的 驱动jar包
2. web.xml配置(部分)
01
class="comments"><!-- Spring MVC配置 -->
02
<!-- ====================================== -->
03
<
servlet
>
04
????
<
servlet-name
>spring</
servlet-name
>
05
????
<
servlet-class
>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</
servlet-class
>
06
????
<!-- 可以自定义servlet.xml配置文件的位置和名称,默认为WEB-INF目录下,名称为[<servlet-name>]-servlet.xml,如spring-servlet.xml
07
????
<init-param>
08
????????
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
09
????????
<param-value>/WEB-INF/spring-servlet.xml</param-value>? 默认
10
????
</init-param>
11
????
-->
12
????
<
load-on-startup
>1</
load-on-startup
>
13
</
servlet
>
14
?
15
<
servlet-mapping
>
16
????
<
servlet-name
>spring</
servlet-name
>
17
????
<
url-pattern
>*.do</
url-pattern
>
18
</
servlet-mapping
>
19
??
?
20
?
21
?
22
<!-- Spring配置 -->
23
<!-- ====================================== -->
24
<
listener
>
25
????
<
listener-class
>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</
listener-class
>
26
</
listener
>
27
??
?
28
?
29
<!-- 指定Spring Bean的配置文件所在目录。默认配置在WEB-INF目录下 -->
30
<
context-param
>
31
????
<
param-name
>contextConfigLocation</
param-name
>
32
????
<
param-value
>classpath:config/applicationContext.xml</
param-value
>
33
</
context-param
>
3. spring-servlet.xml配置
spring-servlet这个名字是因为上面web.xml中<servlet-name>标签配的值为 spring(<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>),再加上“-servlet”后缀而 形成的spring-servlet.xml文件名,如果改为springMVC,对应的文件名则为springMVC-servlet.xml。
01
<?
xml
version
=
"1.0"
encoding
=
"UTF-8"
?>
02
<
beans
xmlns
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
????
03
???????
xmlns:xsi
=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
????
04
????????
xmlns:context
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
????
05
???
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd??
06
???????
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.0.xsd??
07
???????
http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.0.xsd??
08
???????
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context <a
href
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd"
>http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd</
a
>">
09
?
10
????
<!-- 启用spring mvc 注解 -->
11
????
<
context:annotation-config
/>
12
?
13
????
<!-- 设置使用注解的类所在的jar包 -->
14
????
<
context:component-scan
base-package
=
"controller"
></
context:component-scan
>
15
?
16
????
<!-- 完成请求和注解POJO的映射 -->
17
????
<
bean
class
=
"org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter"
/>
18
?
19
????
<!-- 对转向页面的路径解析。prefix:前缀, suffix:后缀 -->
20
????
<
bean
class
=
"org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver"
p:prefix
=
"/jsp/"
p:suffix
=
".jsp"
/>
21
</
beans
>
4. applicationContext.xml配置
01
<?
xml
version
=
"1.0"
encoding
=
"UTF-8"
?>
02
<
beans
xmlns
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
03
????????
xmlns:xsi
=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
04
????????
xmlns:aop
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
05
????????
xmlns:tx
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
06
????????
xsi:schemaLocation="
07
????????????
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
08
????????????
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.5.xsd
09
????????????
http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.5.xsd">
10
?
11
????
<!-- 采用hibernate.cfg.xml方式配置数据源 -->
12
????
<
bean
id
=
"sessionFactory"
class
=
"org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.LocalSessionFactoryBean"
>
13
????????
<
property
name
=
"configLocation"
>
14
????????????
<
value
>classpath:config/hibernate.cfg.xml</
value
>
15
????????
</
property
>
16
????
</
bean
>
17
????
?
18
????
<!-- 将事务与Hibernate关联 -->
19
????
<
bean
id
=
"transactionManager"
class
=
"org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTransactionManager"
>
20
????????
<
property
name
=
"sessionFactory"
>
21
????????????
<
ref
local
=
"sessionFactory"
/>
22
????????
</
property
>
23
????
</
bean
>
24
????
?
25
????
<!-- 事务(注解 )-->
26
????
<
tx:annotation-driven
transaction-manager
=
"transactionManager"
proxy-target-class
=
"true"
/>
27
?
28
???
<!-- 测试Service -->
29
???
<
bean
id
=
"loginService"
class
=
"service.LoginService"
></
bean
>
30
?
31
????
<!-- 测试Dao -->
32
????
<
bean
id
=
"hibernateDao"
class
=
"dao.HibernateDao"
>
33
????????
<
property
name
=
"sessionFactory"
ref
=
"sessionFactory"
></
property
>
34
????
</
bean
>
35
</
beans
>
?
二、详解
Spring MVC与Struts从原理上很相似(都是基于MVC架构),都有一个控制页面请求的Servlet,处理完后跳转页面。看如下代码(注解):
01
package
controller;
02
?
03
import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
04
?
05
import
org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
06
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
07
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
08
?
09
import
entity.User;
10
?
11
@Controller
? //类似Struts的Action
12
public
class
TestController {
13
?
14
????
@RequestMapping
(
"test/login.do"
)?
// 请求url地址映射,类似Struts的action-mapping
15
????
public
String testLogin(
@RequestParam
(value=
"username"
)String username, String password, HttpServletRequest request) {
16
????????
// @RequestParam是指请求url地址映射中必须含有的参数(除非属性required=false)
17
????????
// @RequestParam可简写为:@RequestParam("username")
18
?
19
????????
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password)) {
20
????????????
return
"loginError"
;
// 跳转页面路径(默认为转发),该路径不需要包含spring-servlet配置文件中配置的前缀和后缀
21
????????
}
22
????????
return
"loginSuccess"
;
23
????
}
24
?
25
????
@RequestMapping
(
"/test/login2.do"
)
26
????
public
ModelAndView testLogin2(String username, String password,
int
age){
27
????????
// request和response不必非要出现在方法中,如果用不上的话可以去掉
28
????????
// 参数的名称是与页面控件的name相匹配,参数类型会自动被转换
29
????????
?
30
????????
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password) || age <
5
) {
31
????????????
return
new
ModelAndView(
"loginError"
);
// 手动实例化ModelAndView完成跳转页面(转发),效果等同于上面的方法返回字符串
32
????????
}
33
????????
return
new
ModelAndView(
new
RedirectView(
"../index.jsp"
));?
// 采用重定向方式跳转页面
34
????????
// 重定向还有一种简单写法
35
????????
// return new ModelAndView("redirect:../index.jsp");
36
????
}
37
?
38
????
@RequestMapping
(
"/test/login3.do"
)
39
????
public
ModelAndView testLogin3(User user) {
40
????????
// 同样支持参数为表单对象,类似于Struts的ActionForm,User不需要任何配置,直接写即可
41
????????
String username = user.getUsername();
42
????????
String password = user.getPassword();
43
????????
int
age = user.getAge();
44
????????
?
45
????????
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password) || age <
5
) {
46
????????????
return
new
ModelAndView(
"loginError"
);
47
????????
}
48
????????
return
new
ModelAndView(
"loginSuccess"
);
49
????
}
50
?
51
????
@Resource
(name =
"loginService"
)?
// 获取applicationContext.xml中bean的id为loginService的,并注入
52
????
private
LoginService loginService;?
//等价于spring传统注入方式写get和set方法,这样的好处是简洁工整,省去了不必要得代码
53
?
54
????
@RequestMapping
(
"/test/login4.do"
)
55
????
public
String testLogin4(User user) {
56
????????
if
(loginService.login(user) ==
false
) {
57
????????????
return
"loginError"
;
58
????????
}
59
????????
return
"loginSuccess"
;
60
????
}
61
}
以上4个方法示例,是一个Controller里含有不同的请求url,也可以采用一个url访问,通过url参数来区分访问不同的方法,代码如下:
01
package
controller;
02
?
03
import
org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
04
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
05
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
06
?
07
@Controller
08
@RequestMapping
(
"/test2/login.do"
)?
// 指定唯一一个*.do请求关联到该Controller
09
public
class
TestController2 {
10
????
?
11
????
@RequestMapping
12
????
public
String testLogin(String username, String password,
int
age) {
13
????????
// 如果不加任何参数,则在请求/test2/login.do时,便默认执行该方法
14
????????
?
15
????????
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password) || age <
5
) {
16
????????????
return
"loginError"
;
17
????????
}
18
????????
return
"loginSuccess"
;
19
????
}
20
?
21
????
@RequestMapping
(params =
"method=1"
, method=RequestMethod.POST)
22
????
public
String testLogin2(String username, String password) {
23
????????
// 依据params的参数method的值来区分不同的调用方法
24
????????
// 可以指定页面请求方式的类型,默认为get请求
25
????????
?
26
????????
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password)) {
27
????????????
return
"loginError"
;
28
????????
}
29
????????
return
"loginSuccess"
;
30
????
}
31
????
?
32
????
@RequestMapping
(params =
"method=2"
)
33
????
public
String testLogin3(String username, String password,
int
age) {
34
????????
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password) || age <
5
) {
35
????????????
return
"loginError"
;
36
????????
}
37
????????
return
"loginSuccess"
;
38
????
}
39
}
其实RequestMapping在Class上,可看做是父Request请求url,而RequestMapping在方法上的可看做是子 Request请求url,父子请求url最终会拼起来与页面请求url进行匹配,因此RequestMapping也可以这么写:
01
package
controller;
02
?
03
import
org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
04
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
05
?
06
@Controller
07
@RequestMapping
(
"/test3/*"
)?
// 父request请求url
08
public
class
TestController3 {
09
?
10
????
@RequestMapping
(
"login.do"
)?
// 子request请求url,拼接后等价于/test3/login.do
11
????
public
String testLogin(String username, String password,
int
age) {
12
????????
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password) || age <
5
) {
13
????????????
return
"loginError"
;
14
????????
}
15
????????
return
"loginSuccess"
;
16
????
}
17
}
?
三、结束语
掌握以上这些Spring MVC就已经有了很好的基础了,几乎可应对与任何开发,在熟练掌握这些后,便可更深层次的灵活运用的技术,如多种视图技术,例如 Jsp、Velocity、Tiles、iText 和 POI。Spring MVC框架并不知道使用的视图,所以不会强迫您只使用 JSP 技术。
转自:http://blog.csdn.net/wangpeng047/article/details/6983027