接上篇(http://ningandjiao.iteye.com/blog/2171185),
执行方式
HystrixCommand提供了3种执行方式:
同步执行:即一旦开始执行该命令,当前
线程就得阻塞着直到该命令返回结果,然后才能继续执行下面的逻辑。当调用命令的execute()方法即为同步执行, 示例:
class="java" name="code">@Test
public void synchronousExecute() throws Exception {
ThreadEchoCommand command = new ThreadEchoCommand("xianlinbox");
String result = command.execute();
assertThat(result,equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox"));
}
异步执行:命令开始执行会返回一个Future<T>的对象,不阻塞后面的逻辑,开发者自己根据需要去获取结果。当调用HystrixCommand的queue()方法即为异步执行
@Test
public void asynchronousExecute() throws Exception {
ThreadEchoCommand command = new ThreadEchoCommand("xianlinbox");
Future<String> result = command.queue();
while (!result.isDone()){
System.out.println("Do other things ...");
}
assertThat(result.get(),equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox"));
}
响应式执行:命令开始执行会返回一个Observable<T> 对象,开发者可以给给Obeservable对象注册上Observer或者Action1对象,响应式地处理命令执行过程中的不同阶段。当调用HystrixCommand的observe()方法,或使用Observable的工厂方法(just(),from())即为响应式执行,这个功能的实现是基于Netflix的另一个
开源项目RxJava(https://github.com/Netflix/RxJava)来的,更细节的用法可以参考:https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix/wiki/How-To-Use#wiki-Reactive-Execution。 示例:
@Test
public void reactiveExecute1() throws Exception {
ThreadEchoCommand command1 = new ThreadEchoCommand("xianlinbox");
Observable<String> result = command1.observe();
result.subscribe(new Action1<String>() {
@Override
public void call(String s) {
logger.info("Command called. Result is:{}", s);
}1
});
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
@Test
public void reactiveExecute2() throws Exception {
ThreadEchoCommand command = new ThreadEchoCommand("xianlinbox");
Observable<String> result = command.observe();
result.subscribe(new Observer<String>() {
@Override
public void onCompleted() {
logger.info("Command Completed");
}
@Override
public void onError(Throwable e) {
logger.error("Command failled", e);
}
@Override
public void onNext(String args) {
logger.info("Command finished,result is {}", args);
}
});
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
隔离方式(Thread Pool和Semaphores)
Hystrix支持2种隔离方式:
ThreadPool:即根据配置把不同的命令分配到不同的线程池中,这是比较常用的隔离策略,该策略的优点是隔离性好,并且可以配置断路,某个依赖被设置断路之后,系统不会再尝试新起线程运行它,而是直接提示失败,或返回fallback值;缺点是新起线程执行命令,在执行的时候必然涉及到上下文的切换,这会造成一定的性能消耗,但是Netflix做过实验,这种消耗对比其带来的价值是完全可以接受的,具体的数据参见Hystrix Wiki(https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix/wiki/How-it-Works#wiki-Isolation)。 本文前面的
例子都是使用的TheadPool隔离策略。
Semaphores:信号量,顾名思义就是使用一个信号量来做隔离,开发者可以
限制系统对某一个依赖的最高并发数。这个基本上就是一个限流的策略。每次调用依赖时都会检查一下是否到达信号量的限制值,如达到,则拒绝。该隔离策略的优点不新起线程执行命令,减少上下文切换,缺点是无法配置断路,每次都一定会去尝试获取信号量。示例:
public class SemaphoreEchoCommand extends HystrixCommand<String> {
private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ThreadEchoCommand.class);
private String input;
protected SemaphoreEchoCommand(String input) {
super(Setter.withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("Semaphore Echo"))
.andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("Echo"))
.andCommandPropertiesDefaults(HystrixCommandProperties.Setter()
.withExecutionIsolationStrategy(HystrixCommandProperties.ExecutionIsolationStrategy.SEMAPHORE)
.withExecutionIsolationSemaphoreMaxConcurrentRequests(2)));
this.input = input;
}
@Override
protected String run() throws Exception {
logger.info("Run command with input: {}", input);
Thread.currentThread().sleep(100);
return "Echo: " + input;
}
}
@Test
public void semaphoresCommandExecute() throws Exception {
SemaphoreEchoCommand command = new SemaphoreEchoCommand("xianlinbox");
assertThat(command.execute(), equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox"));
}
@Test
public void semaphoresCommandMultiExecute() throws Exception {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
final SemaphoreEchoCommand command = new SemaphoreEchoCommand("xianlinbox-" + i);
Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
command.queue();
}
});
thread.start();
}
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
第一个测试的运行日志如下:
23:10:34.996 [main] INFO c.n.c.DynamicPropertyFactory - DynamicPropertyFactory is initialized with configuration sources: com.netflix.config.ConcurrentCompositeConfiguration@2224df87
23:10:35.045 [main] INFO d.ThreadEchoCommand - Run command with input: xianlinbox
从运行日志可以看到,HystrixCommand一样是在主线程中执行。
第二个测试的运行日志如下:
14:56:22.285 [Thread-5] INFO d.ThreadEchoCommand - Run command with input: xianlinbox-4
14:56:22.285 [Thread-1] INFO d.ThreadEchoCommand - Run command with input: xianlinbox-0
Exception in thread "Thread-2" Exception in thread "Thread-4" com.netflix.hystrix.exception.HystrixRuntimeException: Echo could not acquire a semaphore for execution and no fallback available.
示例中,设置的信号量最大值为2, 因此可以看到有2个线程可以成功运行命令,第三个则会得到一个无法获取信号量的HystrixRuntimeException。
优雅降级
在调用第三方服务时,总是无可避免会出现一些
错误(fail,timeout等),再加上上面提到的线程池大小,信号量的限制等等,在执行HystrixComamnd的过程中,总难免会抛出一些
异常。而Hystrix为执行过程中的异常情况提供了优雅的降级方案,只需要在自己的HystrixCommand中实现getFallback()方法,当异常出现时,就会自动调用getFallback()方法的值. 示例:为第一小节中的AddressHystrixCommand和ContactHystrixCommand添加getFallback()方法, 当有异常发生的时候,直接返回null:
@Override
protected Contact getFallback() {
logger.info("Met error, using fallback value: {}", customerId);
return null;
}
然后,停掉Stub的Contact和Address服务, 再次调用GetCustomer服务(http://localhost:8080/HystrixDemo/customers/1),得到结果如下:
{"id":"1","name":"xianlinbox","contact":null,"address":null}
运行日志:
15:22:08.847 [hystrix-Contact-1] INFO c.x.h.d.ContactHystrixCommand - Get contact for customer 1
15:22:09.098 [hystrix-Contact-1] INFO c.x.h.d.ContactHystrixCommand - Met error, using fallback value: 1
15:22:09.101 [hystrix-Address-1] INFO c.x.h.d.AddressHystrixCommand - Get address for customer 1
15:22:09.103 [hystrix-Address-1] INFO c.x.h.d.AddressHystrixCommand - Met error, using fallback value: 1
请求作用域特性
作用域设置:要想要使用请求作用域特性,首先必须把HystrixCommand置于HystrixRequestContext的生命周期管理中,其典型用法是在Web应用中增加一个
ServletFilter,把每个用户Request用HystrixRequestContext包起来。示例:
public class HystrixRequestContextServletFilter implements Filter {
...
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain)
throws IOException, ServletException {
//启动HystrixRequestContext
HystrixRequestContext context = HystrixRequestContext.initializeContext();
try {
chain.doFilter(request, response);
} finally {
//关闭HystrixRequestContext
context.shutdown();
}
}
}
然后把该SevletFilter配置到web.xml中:
<filter>
<display-name>HystrixRequestContextServletFilter</display-name>
<filter-name>HystrixRequestContextServletFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>com.xianlinbox.hystrix.filter.HystrixRequestContextServletFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>HystrixRequestContextServletFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
设置了请求作用域之后,接下来看看,我们从中可以得到哪些好处:
请求缓存(Request Cache):即当用户调用HystrixCommand时,HystrixCommand直接从缓存中取而不需要调用外部服务。HystrixCommand从缓存中取需要3个条件:
1. 该HystrixCommand被包裹一个HystrixRequestContext中
2. 该HystrixCommand实现了getCacheKey()方法
3. 在HystrixRequestContext中已有相同Cache Key值的缓存
示例:
public void requestCache() throws Exception {
HystrixRequestContext context = HystrixRequestContext.initializeContext();
try {
ThreadEchoCommand command1 = new ThreadEchoCommand("xianlinbox");
ThreadEchoCommand command2 = new ThreadEchoCommand("xianlinbox");
assertThat(command1.execute(),equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox"));
assertThat(command1.isResponseFromCache(),equalTo(false));
assertThat(command2.execute(),equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox"));
assertThat(command2.isResponseFromCache(),equalTo(true));
} finally {
context.shutdown();
}
context = HystrixRequestContext.initializeContext();
try {
ThreadEchoCommand command3 = new ThreadEchoCommand("xianlinbox");
assertThat(command3.execute(),equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox"));
assertThat(command3.isResponseFromCache(),equalTo(false));
} finally {
context.shutdown();
}
}
从上面的例子看以得到,一旦重新初始化了RequestContext,Cache也都全部失效了。另外,从Cache中获取值不会去执行HystrixCommand的run()方法。
除了重新初始化RequestContext,Hystrix还提供了另外一种方式来刷新Cache,该方式需要使用HystrixRequestCache的clear()方法,示例:在ThreadEchoCommand中实现一个
静态方法flushCache( ),该方法会调用HystrixRequestCache的clear方法清理Cache
public static void flushCache(String cacheKey) {
HystrixRequestCache.getInstance(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("Echo"),
HystrixConcurrencyStrategyDefault.getInstance()).clear(cacheKey);
}
@Test
public void flushCacheTest() throws Exception {
HystrixRequestContext context = HystrixRequestContext.initializeContext();
try {
ThreadEchoCommand command1 = new ThreadEchoCommand("xianlinbox");
ThreadEchoCommand command2 = new ThreadEchoCommand("xianlinbox");
assertThat(command1.execute(), equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox"));
assertThat(command1.isResponseFromCache(), equalTo(false));
assertThat(command2.execute(), equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox"));
assertThat(command2.isResponseFromCache(), equalTo(true));
ThreadEchoCommand.flushCache("xianlinbox");
ThreadEchoCommand command3 = new ThreadEchoCommand("xianlinbox");
assertThat(command3.execute(), equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox"));
assertThat(command3.isResponseFromCache(), equalTo(false));
} finally {
context.shutdown();
}
}
通过这个机制,开发者可以实现Get-Set-Get的Cache验证机制,防止因为Cache导致的不一致状况。
批量执行请求(Request Collapsing):即用户可以把多个命令封装到一个HystrixCommand中执行以提升效率,这多个命令会在一个线程中依次执行(注:经笔者测试,在JDK6下线程数固定,但是在JDK7下的运行线程数不固定)。要使用该特性需要把依赖调用封装到一个HystrixCollapser<BatchReturnType,ResponseType,RequestArgumentType>中, 该抽象类的主要作用有3个:
1. 把所有的依赖调用封装到一个CollapseRequest的集合中
2. 以第一步得到的CollapseRequest集合为参数创建一个HystrixCommand
3. 把第二步得到的结果集一一对应的设置到对应的CollapseRequest中
为了支持上面的功能,该抽象类提供了3个
泛型参数:
BatchReturnType:即BatchCommand的返回值,通常为ResponseType的集合。
ResponseType:依赖调用的返回值。
RequestArgumentType:依赖调用的参数,如果有多个参数,需封装为一个对象或使用集合。
示例:
public class CollapseEchoHystrixCommand extends HystrixCollapser<List<String>, String, String> {
private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CollapseEchoHystrixCommand.class);
private String input;
public CollapseEchoHystrixCommand(String input) {
super(HystrixCollapser.Setter
.withCollapserKey(HystrixCollapserKey.Factory.asKey("Echo Collapse")));
this.input = input;
}
@Override
public String getRequestArgument() {
return input;
}
@Override
protected HystrixCommand<List<String>> createCommand(Collection<CollapsedRequest<String, String>> collapsedRequests) {
return new BatchCommand(collapsedRequests);
}
@Override
protected void mapResponseToRequests(List<String> batchResponse, Collection<CollapsedRequest<String, String>> collapsedRequests) {
logger.info("Mapping response to Request");
int count = 0;
for (CollapsedRequest<String, String> request : collapsedRequests) {
request.setResponse(batchResponse.get(count++));
}
}
private class BatchCommand extends HystrixCommand<List<String>> {
private Collection<CollapsedRequest<String, String>> requests;
public BatchCommand(Collection<CollapsedRequest<String, String>> requests) {
super(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("Batch"));
this.requests = requests;
}
@Override
protected List<String> run() throws Exception {
logger.info("Run batch command");
List<String> responses = new ArrayList<String>();
for (CollapsedRequest<String, String> request : requests) {
logger.info("Run request: {}", request.getArgument());
responses.add("Echo: " + request.getArgument());
}
return responses;
}
}
}
@Test
public void collapseCommandTest() throws Exception {
HystrixRequestContext context = HystrixRequestContext.initializeContext();
try {
Future<String> result1 = new CollapseEchoHystrixCommand("xianlinbox-1").queue();
Future<String> result2 = new CollapseEchoHystrixCommand("xianlinbox-2").queue();
Future<String> result3 = new CollapseEchoHystrixCommand("xianlinbox-3").queue();
assertThat(result1.get(),equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox-1"));
assertThat(result2.get(),equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox-2"));
assertThat(result3.get(),equalTo("Echo: xianlinbox-3"));
assertEquals(1, HystrixRequestLog.getCurrentRequest().getExecutedCommands().size());
} finally {
context.shutdown();
}
}
运行日志:
03:10:58.584 [main] INFO d.CollapseEchoHystrixCommand - Get argument
03:10:58.597 [main] INFO d.CollapseEchoHystrixCommand - Get argument
03:10:58.597 [main] INFO d.CollapseEchoHystrixCommand - Get argument
03:10:58.598 [HystrixTimer-1] INFO d.CollapseEchoHystrixCommand - Create batch command
03:10:58.637 [hystrix-Batch-1] INFO d.CollapseEchoHystrixCommand - Run batch command
03:10:58.637 [hystrix-Batch-1] INFO d.CollapseEchoHystrixCommand - Run request: xianlinbox-1
03:10:58.639 [hystrix-Batch-1] INFO d.CollapseEchoHystrixCommand - Run request: xianlinbox-2
03:10:58.639 [hystrix-Batch-1] INFO d.CollapseEchoHystrixCommand - Run request: xianlinbox-3
03:10:58.644 [RxComputationThreadPool-1] INFO d.CollapseEchoHystrixCommand - Mapping response to Request
从运行日志可以看到,整个Collapser的运行过程:
1. 获取调用参数,封装到CollapseRequest中
2. 以封装后的List<CollapseRequest>为参数创建Batch HystrixComand
3. Batch HystrixCommand运行所有的请求,把所有的返回放到List<Response>中
4. 把Response设置到对应的CollapseRequest中,返回给调用者。