D-BUS基础编程
第十二章 自由桌面项目
典型的桌面都会有多个应用程序在运行,而且,它们经常需要彼此进行通信。DCOP是一个用于KDE的解决方案,但是它依赖于Qt,所以不能用于其他桌面环境之中。类似的,Bonobo是一个用于GNOME的解决方案,但是非常笨重,因为它是基于 CORBA的。它还依赖于GObject,所以也不能用于GNOME之外。 D-BUS的目标是将DCOP和Bonobo替换为简单的IPC,并集成这两种桌面环境。由于尽可能地减少了D-BUS所需的依赖,所以其他可能会使用 D-BUS的应用程序不用担心引入过多依赖。
D-BUS属于FreeDesktop.org项目的一部分。bus守护进程,没有使用常用的二进制字节流,而是使用了二进制消息的概念,消息由消息头和相应的数据组成。
操作系统的概念: 包括
内核、系统守护进程和进程。D-BUS的设计目的:方便同一个桌面会话中的多个应用程序之间的通信;有助于桌面应用程序和操作系统之间的通信。专门用于桌面的,可能不适用于其他方面的应用。
D-BUS总线分类:系统总线和会话总线。
持久的系统总线(
system bus),它在引导时就会启动。这个总线由操作系统和后台进程使用,
安全性非常好,以使得任意的应用程序不能欺骗系统事件。
还将有很多会话总线(session buses),这些总线当
用户登录后启动,属于那个用户私有。它是用户的应用程序用来通信的一个会话总线。当然,如果一个应用程序需要接收来自系统总线的消息,它不如直接连接到系统总线----不过,它可以发送的消息将是受限的。
D-BUS基础
API没有绑定到任何一个特定的语言或框架。例如有Glib/Qt/python/C#的D-Bus绑定。
使用D-BUS发送一个消息到总线
C代码
C代码
[url=http://socol.javaeye.com/blog/518918#]
# #include //要使用dbus则必须包含此文件
# #include
# #include
#
# /*
# cc $(pkg-config --cflags --libs dbus-glib-1) -o dbus-send-hello dbus-send-hello.c && ./dbus-send-hello
# */
#
# int main (int argc, char *argv[])
# {
# DBusError dberr;
# DBusConnection *dbconn;
# DBusMessage *dbmsg;
# char *text;
#
# dbus_error_init (&dberr);
# dbconn = dbus_bus_get (DBUS_BUS_SESSION, &dberr); //代表连接到会话总线,如果需要连接到
# //系统总线,简单把DBUS_BUS_SESSION替换为DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM即可。但是有麻烦,因为
# //系统总线对可以连接到它的用户有
限制。可能需要提供一个.service文件指明能连接到某一个指定服务器的权限
# if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
# fprintf (stderr, "getting session bus
failed: %s\n", dberr.message);
# dbus_error_free (&dberr);
# return EXIT_FAILURE;
# }
#
# dbmsg = dbus_message_new_signal ("/com/wiley/test",
# "com.wiley.test",
# "TestSignal");
# /* 函数原型是
# DBusMessage* dbus_message_new_signal (const char *path,
# const char *interface,
# const char *name) */
#
# if (dbmsg == NULL) {
# fprintf (stderr, "Could not create a new signal\n");
# return EXIT_FAILURE;
# }
#
# text = "Hello World";
# dbus_message_append_args (dbmsg, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &text, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
#
# dbus_connection_send (dbconn, dbmsg, NULL);
# printf ("Sending signal to D-Bus\n");
#
# dbus_message_unref (dbmsg);
#
# dbus_connection_unref (dbconn);
#
# return EXIT_SUCCESS;
# } #include //要使用dbus则必须包含此文件
#include
#include
/*
cc $(pkg-config --cflags --libs dbus-glib-1) -o dbus-send-hello dbus-send-hello.c && ./dbus-send-hello
*/
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
DBusError dberr;
DBusConnection *dbconn;
DBusMessage *dbmsg;
char *text;
dbus_error_init (&dberr);
dbconn = dbus_bus_get (DBUS_BUS_SESSION, &dberr); //代表连接到会话总线,如果需要连接到
//系统总线,简单把DBUS_BUS_SESSION替换为DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM即可。但是有麻烦,因为
//系统总线对可以连接到它的用户有限制。可能需要提供一个.service文件指明能连接到某一个指定服务器的权限
if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
fprintf (stderr, "getting session bus failed: %s\n", dberr.message);
dbus_error_free (&dberr);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
dbmsg = dbus_message_new_signal ("/com/wiley/test",
"com.wiley.test",
"TestSignal");
/* 函数原型是
DBusMessage* dbus_message_new_signal (const char *path,
const char *interface,
const char *name) */
if (dbmsg == NULL) {
fprintf (stderr, "Could not create a new signal\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
text = "Hello World";
dbus_message_append_args (dbmsg, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &text, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
dbus_connection_send (dbconn, dbmsg, NULL);
printf ("Sending signal to D-Bus\n");
dbus_message_unref (dbmsg);
dbus_connection_unref (dbconn);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
DBus是与应用程序中的对象而不是应用程序自身进行通信。在GLIB应用程序中,意味着是与GObject及其派生对象通信。应用程序中,这些对象以应用程序地址空间中
内存地址的形式传递,将这些内存地址传递给其他应用程序是没有
意义的。D-BUS传递对象路径,对象路径类似于文件系统路径,例如 /org/foo/bar等表示Foo Bar应用程序的顶层对象路径。并不是必需的,但是这样做可以避免产生冲突。
发送给一个对象的消息类型:
方法调用(method calls)、方法返回(method returns)、信号(signals) 和
错误(errors)。
要执行 D-BUS 对象的方法,您需要向对象发送一个方法调用消息。它将完成一些处理并返回一个方法返回消息或者错误消息。信号的不同之处在于它们不返回任何内容:既没有“信号返回”消息,也没有任何类型的错误消息。
C代码
# dbus_int32_t v_INT32 = 42;
# const char *v_STRING = "Hello World";
# dbus_message_append_args (message,
# DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &v_INT32,
# DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &v_STRING,
# DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
# const dbus_int32_t array[] = { 1, 2, 3 };
# const dbus_int32_t *v_ARRAY = array;
# dbus_message_append_args (message,
# DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &v_ARRAY, 3,
# DBUS_TYPE_INVALID); dbus_int32_t v_INT32 = 42;
const char *v_STRING = "Hello World";
dbus_message_append_args (message,
DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &v_INT32,
DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &v_STRING,
DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
const dbus_int32_t array[] = { 1, 2, 3 };
const dbus_int32_t *v_ARRAY = array;
dbus_message_append_args (message,
DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &v_ARRAY, 3,
DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
C代码
# dbus_bool_t dbus_connection_send ( DBusConnection * connection,
# DBusMessage * message,
# dbus_uint32_t * serial
# )
# connection the connection.
# message the message to write.
# serial return location for message serial, or NULL if you don't care dbus_bool_t dbus_connection_send ( DBusConnection * connection,
DBusMessage * message,
dbus_uint32_t * serial
)
connection the connection.
message the message to write.
serial return location for message serial, or NULL if you don't care
dbus-get-hello.c :
C代码
# #include
# #include
# #include
#
# /*
# cc $(pkg-config --cflags --libs dbus-glib-1) -o dbus-get-hello dbus-get-hello.c && ./dbus-get-hello
# */
#
# static DBusHandlerResult
# filter_func (DBusConnection *connection,
# DBusMessage *message,
# void *user_data)
# {
# dbus_bool_t handled = FALSE;
# char *signal_text = NULL;
#
# if (dbus_message_is_signal (message, "com.wiley.test", "TestSignal")) {
# DBusError dberr;
#
# dbus_error_init (&dberr);
# dbus_message_get_args (message, &dberr, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &signal_text, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
# if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
# fprintf (stderr, "Error getting message args: %s", dberr.message);
# dbus_error_free (&dberr);
# } else {
# DBusConnection *dbconn = (DBusConnection*) user_data;
#
# printf ("Received TestSignal with value of: '%s'\n", signal_text);
#
# handled = TRUE;
# }
# }
#
# return (handled ? DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED : DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED);
# }
#
#
# int main (int argc, char *argv[])
# {
# DBusError dberr;
# DBusConnection *dbconn;
#
# dbus_error_init (&dberr);
# dbconn = dbus_bus_get (DBUS_BUS_SESSION, &dberr);
# if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
# fprintf (stderr, "getting session bus failed: %s\n", dberr.message);
# dbus_error_free (&dberr);
# return EXIT_FAILURE;
# }
#
# dbus_bus_request_name (dbconn, "com.wiley.test",
# DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING, &dberr);
# if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
# fprintf (stderr, "requesting name failed: %s\n", dberr.message);
# dbus_error_free (&dberr);
# return EXIT_FAILURE;
# }
#
# if (!dbus_connection_add_filter (dbconn, filter_func, NULL, NULL))
# return EXIT_FAILURE;
#
# dbus_bus_add_match (dbconn,
# "type='signal',interface='com.wiley.test'",
# &dberr);
#
# if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
# fprintf (stderr, "Could not match: %s", dberr.message);
# dbus_error_free (&dberr);
# return EXIT_FAILURE;
# }
#
#
# while (dbus_connection_read_write_dispatch (dbconn, -1))
# ; /* empty loop body */
#
#
# return EXIT_SUCCESS;
# } #include
#include
#include
/*
cc $(pkg-config --cflags --libs dbus-glib-1) -o dbus-get-hello dbus-get-hello.c && ./dbus-get-hello
*/
static DBusHandlerResult
filter_func (DBusConnection *connection,
DBusMessage *message,
void *user_data)
{
dbus_bool_t handled = FALSE;
char *signal_text = NULL;
if (dbus_message_is_signal (message, "com.wiley.test", "TestSignal")) {
DBusError dberr;
dbus_error_init (&dberr);
dbus_message_get_args (message, &dberr, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &signal_text, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
fprintf (stderr, "Error getting message args: %s", dberr.message);
dbus_error_free (&dberr);
} else {
DBusConnection *dbconn = (DBusConnection*) user_data;
printf ("Received TestSignal with value of: '%s'\n", signal_text);
handled = TRUE;
}
}
return (handled ? DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED : DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED);
}
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
DBusError dberr;
DBusConnection *dbconn;
dbus_error_init (&dberr);
dbconn = dbus_bus_get (DBUS_BUS_SESSION, &dberr);
if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
fprintf (stderr, "getting session bus failed: %s\n", dberr.message);
dbus_error_free (&dberr);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
dbus_bus_request_name (dbconn, "com.wiley.test",
DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING, &dberr);
if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
fprintf (stderr, "requesting name failed: %s\n", dberr.message);
dbus_error_free (&dberr);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
if (!dbus_connection_add_filter (dbconn, filter_func, NULL, NULL))
return EXIT_FAILURE;
dbus_bus_add_match (dbconn,
"type='signal',interface='com.wiley.test'",
&dberr);
if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
fprintf (stderr, "Could not match: %s", dberr.message);
dbus_error_free (&dberr);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
while (dbus_connection_read_write_dispatch (dbconn, -1))
; /* empty loop body */
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
为了确保正确地接受到信号,我们必须确认拥有com.wiley.test命名空间:
dbus_bus_request_name (dbconn, "com.wiley.test",DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING, &dberr);
注册过滤函数:
C代码
# dbus_bool_t dbus_connection_add_filter ( DBusConnection * connection,
# DBusHandleMessageFunction
function,
# void * user_data,
# DBusFreeFunction free_data_function
# )
# // connection the connection
# // function function to handle messages
# // user_data user data to pass to the function
# // free_data_function function to use for freeing user data
#
# //Adds a message filter.
#
# if (!dbus_connection_add_filter (dbconn, filter_func, NULL, NULL))
# return EXIT_FAILURE; dbus_bool_t dbus_connection_add_filter ( DBusConnection * connection,
DBusHandleMessageFunction function,
void * user_data,
DBusFreeFunction free_data_function
)
// connection the connection
// function function to handle messages
// user_data user data to pass to the function
// free_data_function function to use for freeing user data
//Adds a message filter.
if (!dbus_connection_add_filter (dbconn, filter_func, NULL, NULL))
return EXIT_FAILURE;
确保信号不会被忽略,因为通过总线发送的信号有很多,并非所有的应用程序都对它们感兴趣,所以默认情况下,信号将被忽略以阻止“信号泛滥”。
一直
监听的代码:
C代码
# dbus_bus_add_match (dbconn,
# "type='signal',interface='com.wiley.test'",
# &dberr);
#
# if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
# fprintf (stderr, "Could not match: %s", dberr.message);
# dbus_error_free (&dberr);
# return EXIT_FAILURE;
# } dbus_bus_add_match (dbconn,
"type='signal',interface='com.wiley.test'",
&dberr);
if (dbus_error_is_set (&dberr)) {
fprintf (stderr, "Could not match: %s", dberr.message);
dbus_error_free (&dberr);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
过滤函数的实现:
C代码
# dbus_bool_t dbus_connection_read_write_dispatch ( DBusConnection * connection,
# int timeout_milliseconds
# )
#
# //This function is intended for use with applications that don't want to //write a main loop and deal with DBusWatch and DBusTimeout.
#
# // An example usage would be:
#
# while (dbus_connection_read_write_dispatch (connection, -1))
# ; // empty loop body dbus_bool_t dbus_connection_read_write_dispatch ( DBusConnection * connection,
int timeout_milliseconds
)
//This function is intended for use with applications that don't want to //write a main loop and deal with DBusWatch and DBusTimeout.
// An example usage would be:
while (dbus_connection_read_write_dispatch (connection, -1))
; // empty loop body
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