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创建对象的方法很多, 常见的有构造函数, 静态工厂方法, 工厂方法等.?
以上三种方法不适合创建需要提供多个参数的对象, 而其中某些参数是可选的场景.
考虑一个Person类:
public class Person { // 必须的参数 private int id; private String name; private int age; // 可选参数 private String city; private String hoby; private String job; private String sex; }??
如果给这个Person类提供合适的构造函数, 应该怎么做呢?
也许我们可以提供多个构造函数, 每个构造函数都包含必须的参数, 以及0个或多个可选参数. 例如:
public Person(int pid, String name, int age) { this.id = pid; this.name = name; this.age = age; } public Person(int id, String name, int age, String city) { this.id = id; this.name = name; this.age = age; this.city = city; } public Person(int id, String name, int age, String city, String hoby) { super(); this.id = id; this.name = name; this.age = age; this.city = city; this.hoby = hoby; } public Person(int id, String name, int age, String city, String hoby, String job) { this.id = id; this.name = name; this.age = age; this.city = city; this.hoby = hoby; this.job = job; } public Person(int id, String name, int age, String city, String hoby, String job, String sex) { this.id = id; this.name = name; this.age = age; this.city = city; this.hoby = hoby; this.job = job; this.sex = sex; }
这种方法至少存在这样的问题:
1. 如果需要创建一个只指定city和sex的Person对象, 我们就必须调用public Person(int id, String name, int age, String city, String hoby, String job, String sex)方法, 然后将hoby, job都赋值为空字符串. 这是让人疑惑的, 也是丑陋的.
2. 这样的代码难以阅读, 而且臃肿不堪, 不具备良好的可伸缩性.
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当然我们可以同时提供属性的getter和setter方法, 然后只保留Person(int pid, String name, int age)一个构造函数.
如此的话, 我们先通过Person(int pid, String name, int age)方法创建Person对象, 然后调用需要的setter方法给可选参数赋值.
这是不错的解决方法, 但是创建对象被分成了几个步骤, 这会带来问题: 如果一不小心可能会让将尚未完全创建的Person对象泄露出去--结果是严重的.?
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Builder设计模式就非常适合这样的场景:
public class Person { // 必须的参数 private int id; private String name; private int age; // 可选参数 private String city; private String hoby; private String job; private String sex; // 私有构造函数 private Person(Builder builder) { this.id = builder.id; this.name = builder.name; this.age = builder.age; this.city = builder.city; this.hoby = builder.hoby; this.job = builder.job; this.sex = builder.sex; } public static class Builder { // 必须的参数 private int id; private String name; private int age; // 可选参数 private String city; private String hoby; private String job; private String sex; // 设置必须的参数 public Builder(int id, String name, int age) { this.id = id; this.name = name; this.age = age; } // 设置可选参数, 返回Builder对象可以让调用者使用级联 public Builder setCity(String city) { this.city = city; return this; } public Builder setHoby(String hoby) { this.hoby = hoby; return this; } public Builder setJob (String job) { this.job = job; return this; } public Builder setSex(String sex) { this.sex = sex; return this; } public Person build() { return new Person(this); } } }
如果需要一个指定city和sex的Person对象, 就可以这样创建:
Person.Builder builder = new Person.Builder(1, "xing", 25); Person person = builder.setCity("beijing").setSex().build();
在调用build方法完成之前, Person对象都没有被创建, 所以无需担心提前泄露的问题, 而且使用级联的方式使得代码简洁优雅.
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总结: Builder模式只适合创建对象时需要指定多个可选参数的场景.
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