参考：
HTTP深入浅出 http请求 - Chance_yin - 博客园
http://www.cnblogs.com/yin-jingyu/archive/2011/08/01/2123548.html
HTTP(HyperText Transfer Protocol)是一套计算机通过网络进行通信的规则。计算机专家设计出HTTP，使HTTP客户（如Web浏览器）能够从HTTP服务器(Web服务器)请求信息和服务，HTTP目前协议的版本是1.1.HTTP是一种无状态的协议，无状态是指Web浏览器和Web服务器之间不需要建立持久的连接，这意味着当一个客户端向服务器端发出请求，然后Web服务器返回响应(response)，连接就被关闭了，在服务器端不保留连接的有关信息.HTTP遵循请求(Request)/应答(Response)模型。Web浏览器向Web服务器发送请求，Web服务器处理请求并返回适当的应答。所有HTTP连接都被构造成一套请求和应答。 HTTP使用内容类型，是指Web服务器向Web浏览器返回的文件都有与之相关的类型。所有这些类型在MIME Internet邮件协议上模型化，即Web服务器告诉Web浏览器该文件所具有的种类，是HTML文档、GIF格式图像、声音文件还是独立的应用程序。大多数Web浏览器都拥有一系列的可配置的辅助应用程序，它们告诉浏览器应该如何处理Web服务器发送过来的各种内容类型。 HTTP通信机制是在一次完整的HTTP通信过程中，Web浏览器与Web服务器之间将完成下列7个步骤： （1） 建立TCP连接 在HTTP工作开始之前，Web浏览器首先要通过网络与Web服务器建立连接，该连接是通过TCP来完成的，该协议与IP协议共同构建Internet，即著名的TCP/IP协议族，因此Internet又被称作是TCP/IP网络。HTTP是比TCP更高层次的应用层协议，根据规则，只有低层协议建立之后才能，才能进行更层协议的连接，因此，首先要建立TCP连接，一般TCP连接的端口号是80 （2） Web浏览器向Web服务器发送请求命令 一旦建立了TCP连接，Web浏览器就会向Web服务器发送请求命令 例如：GET/sample/hello.jsp HTTP/1.1 （3） Web浏览器发送请求头信息 浏览器发送其请求命令之后，还要以头信息的形式向Web服务器发送一些别的信息，之后浏览器发送了一空白行来通知服务器，它已经结束了该头信息的发送。 （4） Web服务器应答 客户机向服务器发出请求后，服务器会客户机回送应答， HTTP/1.1 200 OK 应答的第一部分是协议的版本号和应答状态码 （5） Web服务器发送应答头信息 正如客户端会随同请求发送关于自身的信息一样，服务器也会随同应答向用户发送关于它自己的数据及被请求的文档。 （6） Web服务器向浏览器发送数据 Web服务器向浏览器发送头信息后，它会发送一个空白行来表示头信息的发送到此为结束，接着，它就以Content-Type应答头信息所描述的格式发送用户所请求的实际数据 （7） Web服务器关闭TCP连接 一般情况下，一旦Web服务器向浏览器发送了请求数据，它就要关闭TCP连接，然后如果浏览器或者服务器在其头信息加入了这行代码 Connection:keep-alive TCP连接在发送后将仍然保持打开状态，于是，浏览器可以继续通过相同的连接发送请求。保持连接节省了为每个请求建立新连接所需的时间，还节约了网络带宽。 HTTP请求格式 当浏览器向Web服务器发出请求时，它向服务器传递了一个数据块，也就是请求信息，HTTP请求信息由3部分组成： l 请求方法URI协议/版本 l 请求头(Request Header) l 请求正文 下面是一个HTTP请求的例子： GET/sample.jspHTTP/1.1 Accept:image/gif.image/jpeg,*/* Accept-Language:zh-cn Connection:Keep-Alive Host:localhost User-Agent:Mozila/4.0(compatible;MSIE5.01;Window NT5.0) Accept-Encoding:gzip,deflate username=jinqiao&password=1234 （1） 请求方法URI协议/版本 请求的第一行是“方法URL议/版本”：GET/sample.jsp HTTP/1.1 以上代码中“GET”代表请求方法，“/sample.jsp”表示URI，“HTTP/1.1代表协议和协议的版本。 根据HTTP标准，HTTP请求可以使用多种请求方法。例如：HTTP1.1支持7种请求方法：GET、POST、HEAD、OPTIONS、PUT、DELETE和TARCE。在Internet应用中，最常用的方法是GET和POST。 URL完整地指定了要访问的网络资源，通常只要给出相对于服务器的根目录的相对目录即可，因此总是以“/”开头，最后，协议版本声明了通信过程中使用HTTP的版本。 （2） 请求头(Request Header) 请求头包含许多有关的客户端环境和请求正文的有用信息。例如，请求头可以声明浏览器所用的语言，请求正文的长度等。 Accept:image/gif.image/jpeg.*/* Accept-Language:zh-cn Connection:Keep-Alive Host:localhost User-Agent:Mozila/4.0(compatible:MSIE5.01:Windows NT5.0) Accept-Encoding:gzip,deflate. （3） 请求正文 请求头和请求正文之间是一个空行，这个行非常重要，它表示请求头已经结束，接下来的是请求正文。请求正文中可以包含客户提交的查询字符串信息： username=jinqiao&password=1234 在以上的例子的HTTP请求中，请求的正文只有一行内容。当然，在实际应用中，HTTP请求正文可以包含更多的内容。 HTTP请求方法我这里只讨论GET方法与POST方法 l GET方法 GET方法是默认的HTTP请求方法，我们日常用GET方法来提交表单数据，然而用GET方法提交的表单数据只经过了简单的编码，同时它将作为URL的一部分向Web服务器发送，因此，如果使用GET方法来提交表单数据就存在着安全隐患上。例如 Http://127.0.0.1/login.jsp?Name=zhangshi&Age=30&Submit=%cc%E+%BD%BB 从上面的URL请求中，很容易就可以辩认出表单提交的内容。（？之后的内容）另外由于GET方法提交的数据是作为URL请求的一部分所以提交的数据量不能太大 l POST方法 POST方法是GET方法的一个替代方法，它主要是向Web服务器提交表单数据，尤其是大批量的数据。POST方法克服了GET方法的一些缺点。通过POST方法提交表单数据时，数据不是作为URL请求的一部分而是作为标准数据传送给Web服务器，这就克服了GET方法中的信息无法保密和数据量太小的缺点。因此，出于安全的考虑以及对用户隐私的尊重，通常表单提交时采用POST方法。 从编程的角度来讲，如果用户通过GET方法提交数据，则数据存放在QUERY＿STRING环境变量中，而POST方法提交的数据则可以从标准输入流中获取。 HTTP应答与HTTP请求相似，HTTP响应也由3个部分构成，分别是： l 协议状态版本代码描述 l 响应头(Response Header) l 响应正文 下面是一个HTTP响应的例子： HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server:Apache Tomcat/5.0.12 Date:Mon,6Oct2003 13:23:42 GMT Content-Length:112 <html>
GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, CONNECT,OPTIONS, PATCH, PROPFIND, PROPPATCH, MKCOL, COPY, MOVE, LOCK, 和 UNLOCK.
其中, HEAD GET POST OPTIONS PROPFIND是和读取相关的方法，MKCOL PUT DELETE LOCK UNLOCK COPY MOVE PROPPATCH是和修改相关的方法
part of Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1- Annotation of existing resources;
- Posting a message to a bulletin board, newsgroup, mailing list, or similar group of articles;
- Providing a block of data, such as the result of submitting a form, to a data-handling process;
- Extending a database through an append operation.The actual function performed by the POST method is determined by the server and is usually dependent on the Request-URI. The posted entity is subordinate to that URI in the same way that a file is subordinate to a directory containing it, a news article is subordinate to a newsgroup to which it is posted, or a record is subordinate to a database. The action performed by the POST method might not result in a resource that can be identified by a URI. In this case, either 200 (OK) or 204 (No Content) is the appropriate response status, depending on whether or not the response includes an entity that describes the result. If a resource has been created on the origin server, the response SHOULD be 201 (Created) and contain an entity which describes the status of the request and refers to the new resource, and a Location header (see section 14.30). Responses to this method are not cacheable, unless the response includes appropriate Cache-Control or Expires header fields. However, the 303 (See Other) response can be used to direct the user agent to retrieve a cacheable resource. POST requests MUST obey the message transmission requirements set out in section 8.2. See section 15.1.3 for security considerations. 9.6 PUT The PUT method requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the supplied Request-URI. If the Request-URI refers to an already existing resource, the enclosed entity SHOULD be considered as a modified version of the one residing on the origin server. If the Request-URI does not point to an existing resource, and that URI is capable of being defined as a new resource by the requesting user agent, the origin server can create the resource with that URI. If a new resource is created, the origin server MUST inform the user agent via the 201 (Created) response. If an existing resource is modified, either the 200 (OK) or 204 (No Content) response codes SHOULD be sent to indicate successful completion of the request. If the resource could not be created or modified with the Request-URI, an appropriate error response SHOULD be given that reflects the nature of the problem. The recipient of the entity MUST NOT ignore any Content-* (e.g. Content-Range) headers that it does not understand or implement and MUST return a 501 (Not Implemented) response in such cases. If the request passes through a cache and the Request-URI identifies one or more currently cached entities, those entries SHOULD be treated as stale. Responses to this method are not cacheable. The fundamental difference between the POST and PUT requests is reflected in the different meaning of the Request-URI. The URI in a POST request identifies the resource that will handle the enclosed entity. That resource might be a data-accepting process, a gateway to some other protocol, or a separate entity that accepts annotations. In contrast, the URI in a PUT request identifies the entity enclosed with the request -- the user agent knows what URI is intended and the server MUST NOT attempt to apply the request to some other resource. If the server desires that the request be applied to a different URI, it MUST send a 301 (Moved Permanently) response; the user agent MAY then make its own decision regarding whether or not to redirect the request. A single resource MAY be identified by many different URIs. For example, an article might have a URI for identifying "the current version" which is separate from the URI identifying each particular version. In this case, a PUT request on a general URI might result in several other URIs being defined by the origin server. HTTP/1.1 does not define how a PUT method affects the state of an origin server. PUT requests MUST obey the message transmission requirements set out in section 8.2. Unless otherwise specified for a particular entity-header, the entity-headers in the PUT request SHOULD be applied to the resource created or modified by the PUT. 9.7 DELETE The DELETE method requests that the origin server delete the resource identified by the Request-URI. This method MAY be overridden by human intervention (or other means) on the origin server. The client cannot be guaranteed that the operation has been carried out, even if the status code returned from the origin server indicates that the action has been completed successfully. However, the server SHOULD NOT indicate success unless, at the time the response is given, it intends to delete the resource or move it to an inaccessible location. A successful response SHOULD be 200 (OK) if the response includes an entity describing the status, 202 (Accepted) if the action has not yet been enacted, or 204 (No Content) if the action has been enacted but the response does not include an entity. If the request passes through a cache and the Request-URI identifies one or more currently cached entities, those entries SHOULD be treated as stale. Responses to this method are not cacheable. 9.8 TRACE The TRACE method is used to invoke a remote, application-layer loop- back of the request message. The final recipient of the request SHOULD reflect the message received back to the client as the entity-body of a 200 (OK) response. The final recipient is either the origin server or the first proxy or gateway to receive a Max-Forwards value of zero (0) in the request (see section 14.31). A TRACE request MUST NOT include an entity. TRACE allows the client to see what is being received at the other end of the request chain and use that data for testing or diagnostic information. The value of the Via header field (section14.45) is of particular interest, since it acts as a trace of the request chain. Use of the Max-Forwards header field allows the client to limit the length of the request chain, which is useful for testing a chain of proxies forwarding messages in an infinite loop. If the request is valid, the response SHOULD contain the entire request message in the entity-body, with a Content-Type of "message/http". Responses to this method MUST NOT be cached. 9.9 CONNECT This specification reserves the method name CONNECT for use with a proxy that can dynamically switch to being a tunnel (e.g. SSL tunneling [44]).
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