asp.net core 2.0的认证和授权_.NET_编程开发_程序员俱乐部

在asp.net core中，微软提供了基于认证（Authentication）和授权（Authorization）的方式，来实现权限管理的，本篇博文，介绍基于固定角色的权限管理和自定义角色权限管理，本文内容，更适合传统行业的BS应用，而非互联网应用。

在asp.net core中，我们认证（Authentication）通常是在Login的Post Action中进行用户名或密码来验证用户是否正确，如果通过验证，即该用户就会获得一个或几个特定的角色，通过ClaimTypes.Role来存储角色，从而当一个请求到达时，用这个角色和Controller或Action上加的特性 [Authorize(Roles = "admin,system")]来授权是否有权访问该Action。本文中的自定义角色，会把验证放在中间件中进行处理。

 一、固定角色：

即把角色与具体的Controller或Action直接关联起来，整个系统中的角色是固定的，每种角色可以访问那些Controller或Action也是固定的，这做法比较适合小型项目，角色分工非常明确的项目。

项目代码：

https://github.com/axzxs2001/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/tree/master/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86/RolePrivilegeManagement

始于startup.cs

需要在ConfigureServices中注入Cookie的相关信息，options是CookieAuthenticationOptions，关于这个类型提供如下属性，可参考：https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/security/authentication/cookie?tabs=aspnetcore2x

它提供了登录的一些信息，或登录生成Cookie的一些信息，用以后

 1         public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
 2         {
 3             services.AddMvc();
 4             //添加认证Cookie信息
 5             services.AddAuthentication(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
 6              .AddCookie(options =>
 7              {
 8                  options.LoginPath = new PathString("/login");
 9                  options.AccessDeniedPath = new PathString("/denied");
10              });
11         }
12 
13         public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
14         {
15             if (env.IsDevelopment())
16             {
17                 app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
18                 app.UseBrowserLink();
19             }
20             else
21             {
22                 app.UseExceptionHandler("/Home/Error");
23             }
24             app.UseStaticFiles();
25             //验证中间件
26             app.UseAuthentication();
27             app.UseMvc(routes =>
28             {
29                 routes.MapRoute(
30                     name: "default",
31                     template: "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}");
32             });
33         }

HomeController.cs

对于Login Get的Action，把returnUrl用户想要访问的地址（有可能用户记录下想要访问的url了，但系统会转到登录页，登录成功后直接跳转到想要访问的returnUrl页）

对于Login Post的Action，验证用户密和密码，成功能，定义一个ClaimsIdentity，把用户名和角色，和用户姓名的声明都添回进来（这个角色，就是用来验证可访问action的角色 ）作来该用户标识，接下来调用HttpContext.SignInAsync进行登录，注意此方法的第一个参数，必需与StartUp.cs中services.AddAuthentication的参数相同，AddAuthentication是设置登录，SigninAsync是按设置参数进行登录

对于Logout Get的Action，是退出登录

HomeController上的[Authorize(Roles=”admin,system”)]角色和权限的关系时，所有Action只有admin和system两个角色能访问到，About上的[Authorize(Roles=”admin”)]声明这个action只能admin角色访问，Contact上的[Authorize(Roles=”system”)]声明这个action只能system角色访问，如果action上声明的是[AllowAnomymous]，说明不受授权管理，可以直接访问。

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Collections.Generic;
 3 using System.Diagnostics;
 4 using System.Linq;
 5 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 6 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
 7 using RolePrivilegeManagement.Models;
 8 using System.Security.Claims;
 9 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication;
10 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.Cookies;
11 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
12 
13 namespace RolePrivilegeManagement.Controllers
14 {
15     [Authorize(Roles = "admin,system")]
16     public class HomeController : Controller
17     {
18         public IActionResult Index()
19         {
20             return View();
21         }
22         [Authorize(Roles = "admin")]
23         public IActionResult About()
24         {
25             ViewData["Message"] = "Your application description page.";
26             return View();
27         }
28         [Authorize(Roles = "system")]
29         public IActionResult Contact()
30         {
31             ViewData["Message"] = "Your contact page.";
32             return View();
33         }
34         public IActionResult Error()
35         {
36             return View(new ErrorViewModel { RequestId = Activity.Current?.Id ?? HttpContext.TraceIdentifier });
37         }
38         [AllowAnonymous]
39         [HttpGet("login")]
40         public IActionResult Login(string returnUrl = null)
41         {
42             TempData["returnUrl"] = returnUrl;
43             return View();
44         }
45         [AllowAnonymous]
46         [HttpPost("login")]
47         public async Task<IActionResult> Login(string userName, string password, string returnUrl = null)
48         {
49             var list = new List<dynamic> {
50                 new { UserName = "gsw", Password = "111111", Role = "admin" },
51                 new { UserName = "aaa", Password = "222222", Role = "system" }
52             };
53             var user = list.SingleOrDefault(s => s.UserName == userName && s.Password == password);
54             if (user!=null)
55             {
56                 //用户标识
57                 var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
58                 identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Sid, userName));
59                 identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, user.Name));
60                 identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, user.Role));
61                 await HttpContext.SignInAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, new ClaimsPrincipal(identity));
62                 if (returnUrl == null)
63                 {
64                     returnUrl = TempData["returnUrl"]?.ToString();
65                 }
66                 if (returnUrl != null)
67                 {
68                     return Redirect(returnUrl);
69                 }
70                 else
71                 {
72                     return RedirectToAction(nameof(HomeController.Index), "Home");
73                 }
74             }
75             else
76             {
77                 const string badUserNameOrPasswordMessage = "用户名或密码错误！";
78                 return BadRequest(badUserNameOrPasswordMessage);
79             }
80         }
81         [HttpGet("logout")]
82         public async Task<IActionResult> Logout()
83         {
84             await HttpContext.SignOutAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
85             return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");
86         }
87         [AllowAnonymous]
88         [HttpGet("denied")]
89         public IActionResult Denied()
90         {
91             return View();
92         }
93     }
94 }

前端_Layout.cshtml布局页，在登录成功后的任何页面都可以用@User.Identity.Name就可以获取用户姓名，同时用@User.Claims.SingleOrDefault(s=>s.Type== System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes.Sid).Value可以获取用户名或角色。

 1    <nav class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top">
 2         <div class="container">
 3             <div class="navbar-header">
 4                 <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-collapse">
 5                     <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>
 6                     <span class="icon-bar"></span>
 7                     <span class="icon-bar"></span>
 8                     <span class="icon-bar"></span>
 9                 </button>
10                 <a asp-area="" asp-controller="Home" asp-action="Index" class="navbar-brand">RolePrivilegeManagement</a>
11             </div>
12             <div class="navbar-collapse collapse">
13                 <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
14                     <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Home" asp-action="Index">Home</a></li>
15                     <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Home" asp-action="About">About</a></li>
16                     <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Home" asp-action="Contact">Contact</a></li>
17                 </ul>
18                 <ul class="" style="float:right; margin:0;">
19                     <li style="overflow:hidden;">
20                         <div style="float:left;line-height:50px;margin-right:10px;">
21                             <span style="color:#ffffff">当前用户：@User.Identity.Name</span>
22                         </div>
23                         <div style="float:left;line-height:50px;">
24                             <a asp-area="" asp-controller="Home" asp-action="Logout">注销</a>
25                         </div>
26                     </li>
27                 </ul>
28             </div>
29         </div>
30     </nav>

现在可以用chrome运行了，进行登录页后F12，查看Network—Cookies，可以看到有一个Cookie，这个是记录returnUrl的Cookie，是否记得HomeController.cs中的Login Get的Action中代码：TempData["returnUrl"] = returnUrl;这个TempData最后转成了一个Cookie返回到客户端了，如下图：

输入用户名，密码登录，再次查看Cookies，发现多了一个.AspNetCore.Cookies，即把用户验证信息加密码保存在了这个Cookie中，当跳转到别的页面时，这两个Cookie会继续在客户端和服务传送，用以验证用户角色。

二、自定义角色

系统的角色可以自定义，用户是自写到义，权限是固定的，角色对应权限可以自定义，用户对应角色也是自定义的，如下图：

项目代码：

https://github.com/axzxs2001/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/tree/master/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86/PrivilegeManagement

始于startup.cs

自定义角色与固定角色不同之处在于多了一个中间件（关于中间件学习参看：https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/fundamentals/middleware），即在Configure方法中，一定要在app.UseAuthentication下面添加验证权限的中间件，因为UseAuthentication要从Cookie中加载通过验证的用户信息到Context.User中，所以一定放在加载完后才能去验用户信息（当然自己读取Cookie也可以）

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Collections.Generic;
 3 using System.Linq;
 4 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 5 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
 6 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
 7 using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
 8 using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
 9 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.Cookies;
10 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
11 using PrivilegeManagement.Middleware;
12 
13 namespace PrivilegeManagement
14 {
15     public class Startup
16     {
17         public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
18         {
19             Configuration = configuration;
20         }
21         public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }
22 
23         public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
24         {
25             services.AddAuthentication(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
26            .AddCookie(options =>
27            {
28                options.LoginPath = new PathString("/login");
29                options.AccessDeniedPath = new PathString("/denied");
30            }
31            );
32             services.AddMvc();
33         }
34 
35         public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
36         {
37             if (env.IsDevelopment())
38             {
39                 app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
40                 app.UseBrowserLink();
41             }
42             else
43             {
44                 app.UseExceptionHandler("/Home/Error");
45             }
46 
47             app.UseStaticFiles();
48             //验证中间件
49             app.UseAuthentication();
50             ////添加权限中间件, 一定要放在app.UseAuthentication后
51             app.UsePermission(new PermissionMiddlewareOption()
52             {
53                 LoginAction = @"/login",
54                 NoPermissionAction = @"/denied",
55                 //这个集合从数据库中查出所有用户的全部权限
56                 UserPerssions = new List<UserPermission>()
57                  {
58                      new UserPermission { Url="/", UserName="gsw"},
59                      new UserPermission { Url="/home/contact", UserName="gsw"},
60                      new UserPermission { Url="/home/about", UserName="aaa"},
61                      new UserPermission { Url="/", UserName="aaa"}
62                  }
63             });
64             app.UseMvc(routes =>
65             {
66                 routes.MapRoute(
67                     name: "default",
68                     template: "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}");
69             });
70         }
71     }
72 }

下面看看中间件PermissionMiddleware.cs，在Invoke中用了context.User，如上面所述，首先要调用app.UseAuthentication加载用户信息后才能在这里使用，这个中间件逻辑较简单，如果没有验证的一律放过去，不作处理，如果验证过（登录成功了），就要查看本次请求的url和这个用户可以访问的权限是否匹配，如不匹配，就跳转到拒绝页面（这个是在Startup.cs中添加中间件时，用NoPermissionAction = @"/denied"设置的）

 1 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
 2 using System;
 3 using System.Collections.Generic;
 4 using System.IO;
 5 using System.Linq;
 6 using System.Reflection;
 7 using System.Security.Claims;
 8 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 9 
10 namespace PrivilegeManagement.Middleware
11 {
12     /// <summary>
13     /// 权限中间件
14     /// </summary>
15     public class PermissionMiddleware
16     {
17         /// <summary>
18         /// 管道代理对象
19         /// </summary>
20         private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
21         /// <summary>
22         /// 权限中间件的配置选项
23         /// </summary>
24         private readonly PermissionMiddlewareOption _option;
25 
26         /// <summary>
27         /// 用户权限集合
28         /// </summary>
29         internal static List<UserPermission> _userPermissions;
30 
31         /// <summary>
32         /// 权限中间件构造
33         /// </summary>
34         /// <param name="next">管道代理对象</param>
35         /// <param name="permissionResitory">权限仓储对象</param>
36         /// <param name="option">权限中间件配置选项</param>
37         public PermissionMiddleware(RequestDelegate next, PermissionMiddlewareOption option)
38         {
39             _option = option;
40             _next = next;
41             _userPermissions = option.UserPerssions;
42         }       
43         /// <summary>
44         /// 调用管道
45         /// </summary>
46         /// <param name="context">请求上下文</param>
47         /// <returns></returns>
48         public Task Invoke(HttpContext context)
49         {
50             //请求Url
51             var questUrl = context.Request.Path.Value.ToLower();
52        
53             //是否经过验证
54             var isAuthenticated = context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated;
55             if (isAuthenticated)
56             {
57                 if (_userPermissions.GroupBy(g=>g.Url).Where(w => w.Key.ToLower() == questUrl).Count() > 0)
58                 {
59                     //用户名
60                     var userName = context.User.Claims.SingleOrDefault(s => s.Type == ClaimTypes.Sid).Value;
61                     if (_userPermissions.Where(w => w.UserName == userName&&w.Url.ToLower()==questUrl).Count() > 0)
62                     {
63                         return this._next(context);
64                     }
65                     else
66                     {
67                         //无权限跳转到拒绝页面
68                         context.Response.Redirect(_option.NoPermissionAction);
69                     }
70                 }
71             }
72             return this._next(context);
73         }
74     }
75 }

扩展中间件类PermissionMiddlewareExtensions.cs

 1 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
 2 using System;
 3 using System.Collections.Generic;
 4 using System.Linq;
 5 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 6 
 7 namespace PrivilegeManagement.Middleware
 8 {
 9     /// <summary>
10     /// 扩展权限中间件
11     /// </summary>
12     public static class PermissionMiddlewareExtensions
13     {
14         /// <summary>
15         /// 引入权限中间件
16         /// </summary>
17         /// <param name="builder">扩展类型</param>
18         /// <param name="option">权限中间件配置选项</param>
19         /// <returns></returns>
20         public static IApplicationBuilder UsePermission(
21               this IApplicationBuilder builder, PermissionMiddlewareOption option)
22         {
23             return builder.UseMiddleware<PermissionMiddleware>(option);
24         }
25     }
26 }

中间件属性PermissionMiddlewareOption.cs

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Collections.Generic;
 3 using System.Linq;
 4 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 5 
 6 namespace PrivilegeManagement.Middleware
 7 {
 8     /// <summary>
 9     /// 权限中间件选项
10     /// </summary>
11     public class PermissionMiddlewareOption
12     {
13         /// <summary>
14         /// 登录action
15         /// </summary>
16         public string LoginAction
17         { get; set; }
18         /// <summary>
19         /// 无权限导航action
20         /// </summary>
21         public string NoPermissionAction
22         { get; set; }
23 
24         /// <summary>
25         /// 用户权限集合
26         /// </summary>
27         public List<UserPermission> UserPerssions
28         { get; set; } = new List<UserPermission>();
29     }
30 }

中间件实体类UserPermission.cs

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Collections.Generic;
 3 using System.Linq;
 4 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 5 
 6 namespace PrivilegeManagement.Middleware
 7 {
 8     /// <summary>
 9     /// 用户权限
10     /// </summary>
11     public class UserPermission
12     {
13         /// <summary>
14         /// 用户名
15         /// </summary>
16         public string UserName
17         { get; set; }
18         /// <summary>
19         /// 请求Url
20         /// </summary>
21         public string Url
22         { get; set; }
23     }
24 }

关于自定义角色，因为不需要授权时带上角色，所以可以定义一个基Controller类BaseController.cs，其他的Controller都继承BaseController，这样所有的action都可以通过中间件来验证，当然像登录，无权限提示页面还是在Action上加[AllowAnomymous]

1 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
2 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
3 namespace PrivilegeManagement.Controllers
4 {
5     [Authorize]
6     public class BaseController:Controller
7     {
8     }
9 }

HomeController.cs如下，与固定角色的HomeController.cs差异只在Controller和Action上的Authorize特性。

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Collections.Generic;
 3 using System.Diagnostics;
 4 using System.Linq;
 5 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 6 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
 7 using PrivilegeManagement.Models;
 8 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
 9 using System.Security.Claims;
10 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.Cookies;
11 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication;
12 
13 namespace PrivilegeManagement.Controllers
14 {
15  
16     public class HomeController : BaseController
17     {
18         public IActionResult Index()
19         {
20             return View();
21         }
22 
23         public IActionResult About()
24         {
25             ViewData["Message"] = "Your application description page.";
26             
27             return View();
28         }
29 
30         public IActionResult Contact()
31         {
32             ViewData["Message"] = "Your contact page.";
33 
34             return View();
35         }
36 
37         public IActionResult Error()
38         {
39             return View(new ErrorViewModel { RequestId = Activity.Current?.Id ?? HttpContext.TraceIdentifier });
40         }
41         [AllowAnonymous]
42         [HttpGet("login")]
43         public IActionResult Login(string returnUrl = null)
44         {
45             TempData["returnUrl"] = returnUrl;
46             return View();
47         }
48         [AllowAnonymous]
49         [HttpPost("login")]
50         public async Task<IActionResult> Login(string userName,string password, string returnUrl = null)
51         {
52             var list = new List<dynamic> {
53                 new { UserName = "gsw", Password = "111111", Role = "admin",Name="桂素伟" },
54                 new { UserName = "aaa", Password = "222222", Role = "system",Name="测试A" }
55             };
56             var user = list.SingleOrDefault(s => s.UserName == userName && s.Password == password);
57             if (user != null)
58             {
59                 //用户标识
60                 var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
61                 identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Sid, userName));
62                 identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, user.Name));
63                 identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, user.Role));
64 
65                 await HttpContext.SignInAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, new ClaimsPrincipal(identity));
66                 if (returnUrl == null)
67                 {
68                     returnUrl = TempData["returnUrl"]?.ToString();
69                 }
70                 if (returnUrl != null)
71                 {
72                     return Redirect(returnUrl);
73                 }
74                 else
75                 {
76                     return RedirectToAction(nameof(HomeController.Index), "Home");
77                 }
78             }
79             else
80             {
81                 const string badUserNameOrPasswordMessage = "用户名或密码错误！";
82                 return BadRequest(badUserNameOrPasswordMessage);
83             }
84         }
85         [HttpGet("logout")]
86         public async Task<IActionResult> Logout()
87         {
88             await HttpContext.SignOutAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
89             return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");
90         }
91         [HttpGet("denied")]
92         public IActionResult Denied()
93         {
94             return View();
95         }
96     } 
97 }

 全部代码：https://github.com/axzxs2001/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/tree/master/Asp.NetCoreExperiment/%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86